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In previous booms, oil-producing countries gaily spent their petrodollars on lavish construction projects that required imported equipment and skilled foreign workers, but did little to create local jobs or to diversify economies.
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Farmers who are old enough can even remember when the country is believed to have produced enough food to feed itself, in the mid- to late 1980s — though that required importing great amounts of fertiliser and fuel.
Farming in most countries, including Iran, requires imported technology.
Indeed, Pakistan still requires imported nuclear equipment as it builds up its nuclear arsenal.
In 2013, in an operation referred to as the "Green Fence," China introduced a temporary restriction on waste import, requiring imported materials to contain less contamination.
Those fees mean that smartphones and laptops often cost consumers more in Brazil, and that domestic manufacturers can be at a disadvantage if their products require imported parts.
As a result, many of Britain's exports require imported inputs; so when sterling depreciates and import prices rise, the knock-on effect on export prices renders them less competitive.
In that year, Congress passed a law requiring imported goods to be stamped with the place of manufacture, whereupon at least one Japanese manufacturing city adopted the alias "Usa" and kept right on doing business.
But expansion requires imported uranium as fuel (miners fail to extract enough from domestic deposits) plus foreign capital and expertise to build big reactors of 1,000MW or more.Uranium will come.
The new Russian regulation requires imported meat to undergo testing for and be certified free of ractopamine, which is added to animal feed in the United States to make meat more lean.
ENSO shifts winds all over the world, can create devastating rains and flooding in South and North America, and has even been linked to social unrest in countries that require imported food.
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