Consistent with the time needed for any major change in energy infrastructure, another 20 30 years of sustained and aggressive growth will be required for photovoltaics to substitute a significant share of conventional energy sources.
In contrast, for the {110} surface, a relatively higher energy is required for Mg2+ ions to substitute for Ca2+ at the top surface sites, whereas they enter more easily to deeper layers than the {001} face.
All three peroxides possess a seven-membered peroxy ring fused to an all-carbon six-membered ring, a structural motif required for generating the carbon-centered substituted ethyl radicals.
Indeed, interaction between dental epithelium and mesenchyme was required for CCN2/CTGF induction, which could be substituted by exogenous TGF-β [ 25].
No substitute is required for his whisky, which is a rather puzzling addition.
The authors argue that the inputs required for one product are imperfect substitutes of the inputs required for another product.
To repair damaged bone tissues, osteoconductive bone graft substitutes are required for enhancement of the regenerative potential of osteoblast cells.
Isolation of the proper cells, followed by appropriate culture conditions, and assembly into a three-dimensional tissue construct, are the first steps required for producing a functional corneal substitute.
A piece of land required for a road may, for instance, be substituted with an adequate sum of money.
