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For the first replicate of simulated missing datasets, whenever a dataset was imputed, the number of seconds required for imputation to be completed using one central processing unit was recorded.
We used either measured (n = 345) or imputed (n = 270) bone lead concentrations as our estimate of long-term lead exposure, and excluded those without measured tibia lead levels who were missing essential covariates required for imputation (n = 13).
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There may be information in the database, however, which predicts missingness and which could satisfy the 'missing at random' assumption required for multiple imputation.
Therefore it was assumed that the missing/untested LFT data depended on variables in the observed data, the assumption required for multiple imputation, 22 and that the appropriate guidelines for handling this problem were followed.
In support of our finding, Schafer has argued that, when applied in rich datasets, bias resulting from the violation of the MAR assumption required for multiple imputation can be minimized [ 14].
As the distribution of the random draws that are required for the multiple imputation approach would be unique to each respondent, the multiple imputation approach is not applicable in our case.
The drug exposure duration imputation required for the CDM also compared favourably with the use case.
23 The UK version of the Stanford HAQ was scored using standard methods without any imputation required for missing data.
(Imputation required for 40 patients with no data available for 6 patients; tidal volume and PEEP were generally not available because patients had been switched to high frequency oscillatory ventilation for which these ventilator settings are not available).
There may be additional imputation required for a study subject, even within the temporal and spatial boundaries of the main study, for instance, to impute an individualized, D-value or other indicator of local exposure.
These reasonable assignments were obtained after several verification trials of each crop data set, but they were not optimized as it is required for each PCA-based imputation in each crop data set.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com