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Initiation and promotion together are required for causing cancer.
Although p21 is known to increase significantly in senescence of human diploid fibroblasts (Noda et al., 1994), other study showed that p21 is not required for causing replicative senescence (Medcalf et al., 1996).
This scenario is similar to the T3SS of pathogenic bacteria, for which T3SS is required for causing disease in susceptible hosts and for eliciting the hypersensitive response in resistant hosts, and defects in the T3SS renders a bacterium non-pathogenic [ 45].
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CT or high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is seldom required for causes such as air leaks or pulmonary infection.
Despite the available of evidence on the influence of maternal education on child nutrition outcomes, it is not clear the threshold of maternal education that is required for cause a positive outcome on child nutritional status.
The cancerous growth may also put pressure on the nerves required for erection, causing impotence or sexual dysfunction.
FoxO3 is required for and causes skeletal muscle atrophy through the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagic-lysosomal proteolytic pathways [12], [13], [14], [47].
We examined this association in vivo and found that deletion of Oct4, a factor required for pluripotency, caused the formation of large blocks of compact chromatin in putative epiblast cells.
Furthermore, AKT hyperactivity has been shown to be critically required for tumourigenesis caused by more frequently occurring genetic lesions upstream of AKT signalling, such as PTEN loss (Chen et al, 2006).
Although daf-16/FoxO and skn-1/Nrf1 were not required for thermotolerance caused by pat-4/ILK inhibition, we noted that both the DAF-16/FoxO target gene sod-3 and the SKN-1/Nrf1 target gene gst-4 were induced by pat-4/ILK RNAi.
Reviewer 1: The study by Gomez et al. reports that knockout of Lrp4 in all tissues in mice except skeletal muscle (where it is required for survival), causes impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory behavioral tasks, LTP at the Schaffer collateral, and a reduction in spine density in CA1 primary apical dendrites.
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