They enjoyed "legal person status" and did not require authorisation from head office.
The court ruled that browsing and viewing articles online doesn't require authorisation from the copyright holder, settling a row between the PRCA, the industry body for Britain's PR industry, and the Newspaper Licensing Authority NLAA), which had raged for five years.
Its report states that because the companies are US-based, they refuse to accept the UK has jurisdiction over them when it comes to lawful intercept requests and instead require authorisation from the US courts.
For instance, a large number of countries, including the United States, operate a clear distinction between non-commercial research activities, which fall under the exception, and commercial endeavours, which require authorisation from the patent owner.
However, their removal, too, required authorisation, which they didn't have.
By law any transfer of reserves requires authorisation by Congress.
Rowley's letter said the use of water cannon would require authorisation by an officer of the rank of commander.
The act does not currently require authorisation of electoral advertising by telephone, text messaging or social media.
But without the lasting power of attorney, many relatively mundane choices would require authorisation, which could take months each time.
Crosby is now an adviser to Bridgepoint, a private equity business, but that role does not require authorisation.
