Although some forms of navigational behaviour may be explicable in relatively simple terms, not necessarily requiring appeal to processes more complex than those of simple conditioning, others suggest some quite new principles.
The explanation seems to require appeal to very strong forms of both descriptive and normative individualism.
Furthermore, characterizing certain audible features and explaining perceptual constancy effects for them requires appeal to sound sources.
And, like McCarthy's, it requires appeal to a notion that does not seem any clearer than the notion of a logical constant: the notion of following (logically?) from the meaning of the connective.
But scientists often accept higher level laws despite exceptions that require appeal to the molecular level precisely because they aim to address both the higher and lower level situations.
Further, the rules which seem to be a fundamental part of common sense morality are often vague and underdescribed, and applying them will actually require appeal to something theoretically more basic — again, utilitarianism.
A better label would be 'the Use-Theory of Quotation', since this emphasizes the point that a proper understanding of quotation requires appeal to a special way of using language.
Higher level laws can have exceptions: e.g., if Md, one of the molecular kinds realizing S, does not cause any of the realizers N1, …, Nj of T. Waters (1990) has argued that explaining such an exception requires appeal to the molecular level and therefore is a form of reductionism.
As the defense of [P1] or [P1*] requires appeal to epistemic intuitions, any attempt to justify by such means a skeptical conclusion regarding all intuitions, all epistemic intuitions or even all normative intuitions, would fail to observe the non-self-undermining constraint.
In some cases (not reported here), extreme ambients such as very low pH require appeal to more sophisticated commercial software suites.
