Other benthic prey items, like amphipods, can grip or cling to objects in the littoral zone, requiring the predator to dislodge them [ 46].
However, in windy conditions, predators may require a consistent wind direction to navigate to the source of the odor (i.e., the nesting bird).
Amphibians are voracious insect predators and require clean bodies of water in which to lay their eggs.
Mitigating the direct introduction of exotic predators will require strengthening the Antarctic Treaty to tighten controls on rapidly expanding ship traffic in Antarctica.
These activities, as well as their side effects of becoming more visible to predators, may require males to maintain large eyes and high opsin expression across seasons.
For example, predators of slow-moving prey may require less temporal resolution than predators that engage in active pursuit of fast-moving prey, such as raptors catching prey during flight.
From this, it is an obvious possibility that brain size may play a role in adaptation to urban life considering that this may require shifts in anti-predator behaviour [ 13], foraging behaviour [ 11], and nest site selection [ 17].
Managing predator impacts is therefore likely to require empirical assessments of local predator distribution and abundance in order to target measures effectively.
In evolutionary terms, sugar gave us the energy we required to outrun predators.
While changes in morphology and genetic variation can by studied by comparing current populations with museum collections [54], [55], the measurement of behavioural responses to introduced predators requires live bird populations in areas that remain relatively undisturbed by anthropogenic effects.
