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The intramolecular repulsion effect is possibly another factor contributing to enhanced miscibility.
It was attributed to the electrostatic repulsion effect of the charged groups on the like-charged protein, which reduced the accessible pore volume for the protein.
The open structures of these complexes with antiparallel orientation of both π-conjugated units are due to the large charge repulsion effect, while the closed forms are stabilized by the intramolecular π π stacking interactions.
Also, the charging efficiency was improved from 61% (pristine AC) to 84% via the TiO2 coating and sulfonation, which was due to the increase of wettability and the reduction of co-ion repulsion effect.
The oriented growth of carbon nanoflakes is maintained by the repulsion effect between the carbon nanoflakes due to the net charge produced from the hydrocarbon radicals on the edges of carbon nanoflakes via charge transfer between H and C atoms.
From their dependence on the IL species and the theoretical modeling reported in the previous papers, we conclude that both the steric repulsion effect due to the transfer of ions to the electrode and 'the charge injection' give the bending motion of the bucky-gel actuator.
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A fluorous micellar system in water has been created to produce a large interfacial area between these media that retains substrates, effectively facilitating intermolecular Diels Alder reactions due to repulsion effects from both media.
We note that Coulomb repulsion effects are insignificant in our results due to the low electron current (pA) leading to less than 1 interacting electron per laser pulse.
Both have serious throughput limitations because of the difficulties of engineering suitable masks and because of space charge (particle-particle repulsion) effects.
Consequently, due to the formation of denser polymeric structures and to the existence of electrostatic repulsion effects, the polyanion-containing composite coatings are capable of largely blocking the access of pitting-causing anions (chlorides) to the surface of stainless steel.
For the sulfide phase, the following sequence for ˜D is observed Ni < Co < Fe < Cd < Zn < Mn ≪ Cu and can be explained in regards with structural considerations and repulsion effects for copper.
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