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Others went on to show that cells taken from just about anywhere in the human body can be similarly reprogrammed, into just about any other type of cell.
It described experiments in which skin cells plucked from mice were reprogrammed into what looked for all the world like embryonic stem cells.
If good-quality cells can be extracted from mammoth remains – and that is a big if – they could be reprogrammed into stem cells using modern procedures.
To create the human liver tissue, researchers at Yokohama City University took some human skin cells that had been chemically reprogrammed into an earlier stage of development.
The Cambridge biologist Sir John Gurdon shared the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine with the Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka, for demonstrating how cells can be reprogrammed into a more youthful state.
What we do not yet know is whether these subpopulations can be reprogrammed into different subtypes.
Conversely, biological rhythms in adult somatic cells disappear when they are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Adult somatic cells (e.g., from blood) from any patient can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
It is reported that cardiac fibroblasts could be directly reprogrammed into adult cardiomyocyte-like cells (Qian et al., 2012).
In particular, the cells like hepatocytes and non-endocrine pancreatic cells sharing the common lineage have a better chance to get reprogrammed into β cells.
Thus, monocytes can be therapeutical targets to be reprogrammed into anti-inflammatory cells (summarized in Fig. 1c) in vitro and in vivo.
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