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The male and female in this pair are typically in a monogamous reproductive relationship, and together serve as the group's dominant leaders.
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Reproductive relationships of the Rufous-Collared Sparrow and the Shiny Cowbird.
In order to draw a firm conclusion, more data on genome constituents compared to known species, divergence time, and evidence of reproductive relationships are needed.
In many of the previous investigations, reproductive relationships may have been obscured by high rates of usage of exogenous hormones.
In the group of D. pseudoobscura, none of 16 genes sampled from 10-20 individunambiguouslyously returned the known reproductive relationships among three populations, relative to an outgroup [ 32].
These data overturned previous inferences – based on reproductive relationships and morphological similarities – that Tahiti was colonized by multiple Moorean lineages [ 63].
The reproductive relationships between the Clade D subclades are also unclear, because they do not come into contact, or they are morphologically cryptic where they do.
Thus while the reproductive relationships among pairs of physid populations can be quantified using standard mate-choice statistics, each datum is not a "choice" in any sense, but rather the outcome of a contest.
The reproductive relationships between Clade A and Clade D3, which are separated by a similar level of divergence (13.8%), are less clear in the contact zone that cuts through East and West Lewis Islands.
Since the advent of modern molecular methods for phylogenetic reconstruction, increased attention has turned toward the detailed correspondence between gene trees and the reproductive relationships among the populations from which marker genes have been sampled.
"Although the example postulated by Maddison ("when reproductive communities are split by speciation") implied reproductive isolation, the processes he highlighted that might lead to discord ("lineage sorting or deep coalescence") would apply to any set of populations regardless of their reproductive relationships.
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