As shown in Figure 3, some of these zebra finch-specific acrosin-like genes, especially ACR5, seem to have undergone non-neutral evolution, likely reflecting reproductive pressures.
We collected fecal samples throughout the active season at regular trapping events because stress profiles may reflect variation in seasonal, social, or reproductive pressures.
Reproductive pressures such as sperm competition may be similar for chimpanzees and rhesus macaques (Dixson 1998), and it has been hypothesized that selection may have shaped both the protein sequence evolution and the mRNA expression of male reproductive genes (Wyckoff et al. 2002; Khaitovich et al. 2005, 2006).
OVER 60% of the world's 6.5 billion people now live in countries where abortion is generally allowed, and a quarter where it is banned, according to the Centre for Reproductive Rights, a pressure group.
According to Hu et al. (1998), other adverse health outcomes likely to be associated with bone-Pb levels include impairment of cognitive performance and growth in children and kidney failure, gout, elevated blood pressure, reproductive toxicity, and adverse cardiovascular events in adults.
For recessively acting variants which increase susceptibility to disease without necessarily completely compromising reproductive fitness, selection pressures will exert even less effect on allele frequency.
Newson et al. (2005), for example, argue that ancestral and traditional societies are characterized by frequent and sustained interaction with kin who, sharing our reproductive interests, place social pressure and rewards on reproduction.
Side effects of steroids include liver tumors, high blood pressure and reproductive problems.
Within those countries, more women are developing breast and cervical cancer during their reproductive years, adding more pressure on families and societies already suffering from high rates of infectious disease and high rates of child mortality," says the IHME review.
