Furthermore, to evaluate female investment in reproduction, we calculated reproductive allocation by dividing offspring weight by the sum of offspring weight plus somatic dry weight [ 95].
In fisheries, intensively harvested wild populations have repeatedly evolved smaller body size, younger age at first reproduction, and higher reproductive allocation (Jørgensen et al. 2007; Dunlop et al. 2009; Sharpe and Hendry 2009).
Nicotra, A. B. Reproductive allocation and the long-term costs of reproduction in Siparuna grandflora, a dioecious neotropical shrub.
However, due to 'unconscious selection' (Darwin 1859) of traits genetically correlated with increased stem allocation, female and male threshold sizes for reproduction were both increased and male and female reproductive allocation decreased in the selected group.
However, reproductive allocation itself is also molded by tradeoffs between selection for reproduction and selection for mobility required in foraging and escaping predators [62], [63].
Instead, our results support the hypothesis that reproductive allocation in these plants is generally constrained by cold-temperature conditions in the alpine environment.
Therefore, phenological responses to warming and cooling do not simply mirror one another in the opposite direction, and low temperature may limit reproductive allocation in the alpine region.
Thus, the responses of phenological stages to warming and cooling do not simply mirror one another in the opposite direction, and low temperature may limit the reproductive allocation in the alpine region.
He documented how elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations could have far-reaching impacts on ecological communities due to differential effects on the reproductive allocation of plants and the altered nutritional quality of plant tissues.
We analyzed ecological and historical factors that may affect differences in reproductive allocation (mean litter size in relation to mean adult female body mass) and help explain why different brown bear populations react differently to conservation measures.
1. Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may have important consequences for reproductive allocation in forest trees.
