The level of SGS within plant populations depends on seed and pollen dispersal, mating system, mode of reproduction, size of the founder population, species longevity, adult population density, effective population size, and micro environmental selection [ 9- 13].
For a total of 560 exposed individuals, we report measurements of four life history traits: age at first reproduction, size (body length measured for each individual on day 12, see Additional file 1), lifespan and lifetime number of offspring.
On the basis of easily accessible traits (reproduction parameters, size, feeding habits), we have examined whether different contexts of urbanization favour some strategies more than others.
A general expectation is that a decreasing cover of semi-natural habitats negatively affects pollinator reproduction, population size and pollination services, but few studies have investigated the simultaneous effects of landscape complexity on different aspects of pollinator communities and functioning.
Our analyses revealed multiple genes under positive selection, which are related to milk production, reproduction, body size, muscle formation and coat color.
For decades, life-history theory has focused on why organisms vary in major fitness-related traits such as offspring number, age at first reproduction, body size, and life span (Stearns 1992; Roff 2001).
Captive breeding programs intensively manage reproduction, population size, and demographics in an effort to control inbreeding and genetic drift (Foose and Ballou 1988; Lacy 2009; Ballou et al. 2010).
For time of first reproduction and size of reproduction, we analyzed only the invasive and ancestral-range clonal lineage types across the lower salinities (range: 0 10 ppt) because the vast majority of individuals failed to reproduce at salinities higher than 10 ppt.
The disposable soma and life history theories predict that longer life span cannot be achieved under resource limitation without a corresponding decline in another energy-consuming aspect of fitness such as reproduction, body size or swimming speed (Kirkwood, 1977; Shanley & Kirkwood, 2000).
All four studies documented genetic changes in the means of some of the studied life-history traits under warming (e.g., age at first reproduction, body size, offspring number), and one study also documented genetic changes in thermal plasticity (Table 2).
Annotation of the regions of the genome that showed selection signatures revealed several interesting candidate genes i.e. DGAT1, ABCG2, MSTN, CAPN3, FABP3, CHCHD7, PLAG1, JAZF1, PRKG2, ACTC1, TBC1D1, GHR, BMP2, TSG1, LYN, KIT and MC1R that play a role in milk production, reproduction, body size, muscle formation or coat color.
