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Specifically, two paths are shown to transfer family background into educational opportunity: the 'Resource Conversion Mode' and the 'Cultural Reproduction Mode' (Li [2006]).
Yet, the presence of an offset spermatheca and proliferation of uterus cells has evolved multiple times, the latter associated with derived endoparasitic feeding specialization and resulting reproduction mode.
The Cultural Reproduction Mode refers to the influence of families' cultural capital on their children's learning motivation, interest, and performance at school, all of which determines the ability to acquire educational opportunity (Li [2006]).
The Cultural Reproduction Mode has noted that the higher the educational level of parents, the greater the opportunity for children to receive higher education, and if the converse, the opportunity is lower.
We tested regional differences in the response of springtail (Hexapoda: Collembola) taxonomic richness, total abundance and collembolan abundance, which share combinations of the two traits (reproduction mode and vertical distribution), in a pilot study within boreal forests of European Russia.
Two males and two females were found to contribute genetic material in various pairing combinations, whereas one pair was shown to be the parents of most of the progeny (69.2%), suggesting the reproduction mode of E. aeneus as polygamous.
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The C. capitata species complex includes at least 50 cryptic siblings that differ mainly in their enzyme and general protein patterns, ecophysiological characteristics and reproduction modes (Méndez et al. 2000).
Flatworms are characterized by a high degree of morphological diversity and reproduction modes (Table 1).
Carassius auratus complex [ 15, 16] is represented by the diploid and the polyploid forms exhibiting asexual and sexual reproduction modes.
In natural communities of cyclical parthenogens, rapid response to environmental change is enabled by switching between two reproduction modes.
With such a complex array of unusual reproduction modes, the genus Clonopsis represents an intriguing system to study reticulate evolution.
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