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Using AFLP markers, we examined 12 populations of the expansive grass Brachypodium pinnatum differing in habitat age (30 50, ca. 100 and >300 years old) in order to determine whether clonal diversity of populations, genetic variation, and the relative importance of clonal propagation versus sexual reproduction change with grassland age.
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As revolutions in biology and genetics change techniques of human reproduction, so the meaning of reproduction changes, too — and, after Francis, the Church can find ways to adjust to that.
There was also variation in how lifetime fecundity and the rate of reproduction changed under conditions of environmental stress.
Since some genes are activated only in the course of sexual reproduction, changes in PTM pattern can easily be analysed after their activation.
Thus, in female flies actively engaged in reproduction, changes in both intestinal progenitors and their progeny parallel those observed in mammals leading to hyperplasia (Hammond, 1997; Speakman, 2008), increased organ size (Hammond, 1997; Speakman, 2008) and upregulation of lipid gene expression (Athippozhy et al., 2011).
First, the proximate mechanisms regulating worker reproduction can change across colony ontogeny [ 69], and these changes will only be apparent in studies that consider a range of developmental stages.
The mutual influence of these three processes brought about the unique European focus on the moral and social value of the individual and his/her roles in the reproduction and change of society [31].
We compared the number of correct concepts ((1) variation in traits; (2) heritability of traits; (3) differential survival to reproduction; (4) change in average trait value in population over generations) provided by students before and after instruction with a one-tailed paired sample Wilcoxon sign-rank test.
During colony growth, relatedness within the colony remains the same, but the costs of worker reproduction may change.
In the opinion of Dr. Francis Neary, one of the curators of the exhibit, the obsession with Suleman shows how little our thinking about reproduction has changed, however much our knowledge of it has changed.
In addition, it is an attractive model species for understanding the evolution of reproductive strategies because it usually alternates between parthenogenetic and sexual modes of reproduction with changes in environmental quality (Hebert, 1978).
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