In this way, floral metal accumulation may act as a reproductive barrier that favours reproduction between plants growing in similar soil environments, selecting against species that have serpentine and non-serpentine populations in close proximity to each other.
When γ is equal to zero, there is a complete reproductive isolation whereas a value of 1 corresponds to a panmictic reproduction between both species.
Song, a learned culturally transmitted trait, acted as a barrier to reproduction between these species.
Odling-Smee (2010) distinguishes two transmission channels: transmission through direct connection during reproduction between the internal environments of parent and offspring and transmission through an external environment.
Such social facilitation of reproduction is beneficial to F1 female reproduction, but does not explain differential reproduction between F1 and F0 females.
Speciation arises from the evolutionary accumulation of barriers to successful reproduction between populations, so any process that accelerates trait evolution among populations along independent genetic trajectories will foster speciation and its maintenance.
To gain a better understanding of the factors affecting selection of reproductive habitat by female fishers (Martes pennanti) in boreal mixed-wood forests, we identified structures, sites, and stands used by 12 radiotagged female fishers for reproduction between 2005 and 2009 near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada.
Barriers to reproduction between two diverging sexual populations are required for the populations to become new species.
Though elk and red deer can produce fertile offspring in captivity, geographic isolation between the species in the wild and differences in mating behaviors indicate that reproduction between them outside a controlled environment would be unlikely.
The most likely scenario is that there were a few instances of sexual reproduction between Neanderthals and human individuals belonging to the population that is thought to have emigrated out of Africa to populate the world sometime after seventy thousand years ago, explaining why the Neanderthal DNA sequences are not found in African genomes.
There was no significant difference in reproduction between mainland control and treatment plants, whereas island treatment plants had significantly lower reproduction than controls (Fig. 3).
