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Peak reproduction activity occurred during November December, the lowest activity in February March, and no differences were observed between treatments.
Nevertheless, some data (decrease in the size of testes and seminal vesicle of mature males in winter, lower percentage of pregnant females in December and of non-mature specimens in March) suggest that reproduction activity decreases slightly in winter.
Among those, the high levels of steroids, characteristic of the summer reproduction activity in this species [13], [38], are well-known as thermogenic agents [39].
Undoubtedly, temperature is a key factor in malaria transmission [24], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], directly affecting mosquito development, survival, reproduction, activity, and the extrinsic incubation rate.
It is likely that the expression decline in all these categories is linked to the reduced reproduction activity in old flies, as Drosophila is primarily a post-mitotic organism and cell divisions in adults occur predominantly in relation to reproduction.
AgNPs were also found to halt the reproduction activity of benign species of bacteria, which are used for wastewater treatment and to induce cellular and DNA damage in aquatic organisms [ 13, 14].
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Before maturity, energy is mainly allocated for growth, but once an individual begins to reproduce, a part of the energy is required for reproduction activities [13, 29].
Juvenile hormone (JH) is the main hormone that regulates maintenance of the physical form of larvae, pigment occurrence in larvae and reproduction activities [66], [67].
Although Drosophila mid-gut is maintained by the proliferation of stem cells, our GSEA with reproduction-related gene set based on an independent manipulative experiment [ 43] supports the main relation of cell division with reproduction activities.
WFDC and SEMG genes evolved from the same common ancestor and maintain some similar functions involving antimicrobial, immune, and male reproduction activities (Yenugu et al. 2004; Bingle and Vyakarnam 2008; Clauss et al. 2011).
Currently, MAR procedures in Bulgaria are covered by the Bulgaria Health Act of August 2004 [ 11] and by Order 28 on Assisted Reproduction Activities 2007 (amended July 29 , 2011 of Bulgarian Ministry of Health [ 12].
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