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This difference in the ecological role of abundant species means that while high levels of fruit or seed harvest can have negligible impacts on populations of common, long-lived, clonally reproducing plant species (Ticktin 2004), harvest may still negatively affect frugivores, including birds (Moegenburg and Levey 2003) and primates (Kinnaird 1992) that rely on that fruit for food.
Functional structural plant modelling is a versatile tool to simulate plant development, reproducing plant topology and geometry in response to environmental and internal factors.
In addition, reproducing plant populations had greater levels of heterozygosity, associated with greater vigor in this species, than did seed or seedling populations (Mandak et al. 2006b).
(Although the wild relative does not need a partner to reproduce, its pollen can be used to fertilize a sexually reproducing plant).
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Domestication of vegetatively reproducing plants, such as those with tubers, probably preceded domestication of the seed plants cereals, legumes, and other vegetables.
The everyday understanding of the concept is the biological species concept, that for sexually reproducing plants and animals, a species is a population of organisms that closely resemble each other genetically and are capable of interbreeding so as to produce fertile offspring.
Reproducing plants were monitored every two days until death.
Identifying clonal lineages in asexually reproducing plants using microsatellite markers is complicated by the possibility of nonidentical genotypes from the same clonal lineage due to somatic mutations, null alleles, and scoring errors.
The lower performance of the wild parent in the clay site was caused by a lower survival until reproduction, as well as a lower than average seed yield of reproducing plants.
From this, we estimated a spontaneous mutation rate of 1.1 × 10−8 ± 1.0 ×10−8 per site per generation, which is slightly higher than the estimated mutation rate of 7.0 × 10−9 for sexually reproducing plants (Ossowski et al., 2010).
These stresses may each select for specific plant traits, but it is remarkable that plant communities in flood-prone habitats are often characterized by a high prevalence of vegetatively reproducing plants (Benot et al. 2011), i.e. forming stolons, rhizomes or root suckers (Fischer and Van Kleunen 2001; Klimesova and de Bello 2009).
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