Bacteria reproduce primarily by binary fission, an asexual process whereby a single cell divides into two.
Rose moss seldom forms sporophytes and capsules (spore cases); it reproduces primarily by stolons (horizontal stems that root at the nodes).
Bent grasses reproduce primarily by cross-pollination, so that the resistant grass receives wind-borne pollen from the neighbouring nonresistant plants.
Because the palm reproduces primarily by vegetative reproduction, this may have a small effect on mountain date palm populations but could have negative consequences for animals that rely on palm fruit for food.
Yeasts are unicellular fungi that reproduce primarily by budding and, in culture, form pasty colonies similar to those of bacteria (Macher 2000).
Although C. elegans reproduces primarily through selfing of hermaphrodites, males allow rare outcrossing in the wild at an estimated rate of 1-21-2%11- 13].
Triploidy cannot be maintained in organisms that routinely go through meiosis, yet there is no a priori reason that it cannot be maintained in organisms that reproduce primarily through mitosis.
Thus, it appears that the genetic load of the budding yeast was, for a long time, controlled by selection acting on an effectively large population of diploid strains reproducing primarily through mitotic divisions with occasional sexual cycles involving self-fertilization.
If the large-scale declines in eelgrass distribution had occurred in the inner part of the Baltic Sea, where eelgrass reproduce primarily vegetatively, the problem would have been even more serious, because the probability of recolonization would be extremely low and recovery would have long perspectives owing to slow clonal growth (Reusch et al., 1999).
Although taxa that have been thought to reproduce primarily via asexual diaspores may violate the assumption of panmictic populations, sexual reproductive structures (apothecia) are occasionally found on some specimens of M. elegantula and M. exasperatula and may play an important role in population-wide gene flow [ 140].
