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By using focus groups we were able to examine how participants (1) interacted with each other; (2) produced and reproduced knowledge; and (3) articulated and/or defended their views.
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For example, if tests require students mainly to reproduce knowledge, then memorization dominates their learning styles (Au and Entwistle 1999).
Rather than reconstructing and reproducing knowledge, the students become active players in their own education; they are given the chance to put their newly acquired knowledge and skills to use.
The second argument, frequently advanced in support of the open-ended format, is that it has greater validity; that spontaneously recalling and reproducing knowledge is a better predictor of the student's eventual ability to handle complex problems in real-life then is the ability to select an answer from a list [ 54].
Put simply, to understand basic principles in science and to overcome common misconceptions, one must possess sound scientific schema from which to confront existing cognitive biases and to integrate and accurately reproduce scientific knowledge.
The techniques of support vector machines and kernel learning are discussed, and explanations as to how kernels can reproduce the knowledge expressed in (empirical and universal) laws are provided.
Since meiosis is a conserved process in all sexually reproducing eukaryotes, knowledge of gene function from one species could provide useful information transferable to other species.
Relying solely on sentinel data is accompanied by a considerable uncertainty regarding the infection rate estimate and age-dependent infection rates as one can only reproduce general knowledge instead of outbreak-specific data.
Compression phenomena due to the crust formation were observed by MRI and successfully reproduced with a knowledge model of baking.
If the statistical analysis plan is detailed enough then the analysis may actually be reproduced even without knowledge of the original code.
Black edges denote inferred connections without prior knowledge, green edges present an agreement, red edges could either have a wrong sign (e.g. activation instead of inhibition) or be connections that do not comply with prior knowledge, while grey dashed edges stand for prior knowledge not reproduced in the inferred network.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com