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A YopE defective background was chosen for this assay in order to avoid a repressing effect on pore formation and thereby influence of ExoS translocation efficiency [74].
Interestingly, the transcription factor DksA, which normally acts synergistically with ppGpp, showed a repressing effect on rsd expression, indicating the possibility of a differential regulation by DksA and ppGpp.
In general [3], [8], methylation on H3K4, H3K36, and H3K79 has an activating effect on gene expression [6], [9], whereas methylation of H3K9, H3K27, and H4K20 impose a repressing effect on transcription [10] [13].
According to the repressing effect of DNA methylation upon general gene transcription [23] and upon specific transcription of the human MAOB [22], the individual methylation frequencies were negatively correlated with the platelet MAO-B protein concentrations of the 13 studied patients (Fig. 3B).
The analysis of the in vivo activities of the rsd promoters at different growth phases in strains with mutations in the genes encoding different growth phase regulators confirmed the repressing effect of the nucleoid-associated proteins FIS and H-NS observed in vitro.
We also tested the repressing effect on p14 ARF for the human-specific sites.
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This simple observation suggests that the non-linear spatio-temporal propagation of combined mutational effects would require the presence of substantial repressing effects in the topology of functional developmental regulatory networks.
Acetylation is broadly linked with activation, whereas methylation can have either activating or repressing effects depending on the amino acid that is modified and the nature of the modification (mono-, di-, or tri-methylation).
This transcriptional regulatory network is represented as a graph where vertices are genes and directed edges denote activating or repressing effects on transcription.
It is conceivable that the activity of Cuff and Rhi protects the piRNA clusters from the repressing effects associated with heterochromatin formation.
OptCircuit accounts for the activating and repressing effects on every promoter i within the framework by using the modeling formulation proposed by Hasty et al. [ 25].
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