A YopE defective background was chosen for this assay in order to avoid a repressing effect on pore formation and thereby influence of ExoS translocation efficiency [74].
In general [3], [8], methylation on H3K4, H3K36, and H3K79 has an activating effect on gene expression [6], [9], whereas methylation of H3K9, H3K27, and H4K20 impose a repressing effect on transcription [10] [13].
Interestingly, the transcription factor DksA, which normally acts synergistically with ppGpp, showed a repressing effect on rsd expression, indicating the possibility of a differential regulation by DksA and ppGpp.
According to the repressing effect of DNA methylation upon general gene transcription [23] and upon specific transcription of the human MAOB [22], the individual methylation frequencies were negatively correlated with the platelet MAO-B protein concentrations of the 13 studied patients (Fig. 3B).
The analysis of the in vivo activities of the rsd promoters at different growth phases in strains with mutations in the genes encoding different growth phase regulators confirmed the repressing effect of the nucleoid-associated proteins FIS and H-NS observed in vitro.
Therefore, xylose had a lower repressing effect on enzyme production than glucose.
We also tested the repressing effect on p14 ARF for the human-specific sites.
These regulating proteins can have an activating or repressing effect on the expression of a gene.
This result is in agreement with the repressing effect of oxidative stress and photooxidative stress on these genes [ 20, 28].
For CyclinE1 and p14 ARF, hMCPH1 showed a stronger repressing effect than mMCPH1, while the opposite effect was observed for p73.
