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Exact(9)
The matrix represents the benefit to system which secondary user n applies the channel j.
The first term of Eq. (4) [(wus − pcus) − (wmx − cmx)] represents the benefit of remaining an additional month in the USA.
Let U s (r s ) be a utility function that represents the benefit to the system achieved by a flow rate r s.
After that, a profit function is used to evaluate the QoS of the chosen serving node, which represents the benefit that the MS can gain by choosing a serving node (i.e., the BS or some RS).
The farmer chooses to adopt the Kth technology if (Y_{jpK}^ = U_{K}^ - U_{i} > 0) where U i denotes the benefit to the farmer from the traditional production system and U K represents the benefit from adopting the Kth technology.
The vertical distance between the option curve at the terminal period (broken curve) and initial period (bold curve) represents the benefit of the option to wait which is equal to ((V_{text{T}} left( {P_{{{text{C}},{text{t}}}} } right) - V_{0} left( {P_{{{text{C}},t}} } right)).
Similar(51)
A reasonable train timetable should consider both the operation cost and the trip time, which respectively represents the benefits of railway company and passengers.
Note that this new output seems fairly large in comparison with the original, but that's because in this form it represents the benefits for a large increase in penetration rate.
Let U k represent the benefit of farmer to choose the Kth market outlet: where K denotes the choice of retailers (Y1), cooperatives (Y2), collectors (Y3), and consumers (Y4).
The phasic alerting (benefit) effect is defined as: Alerting = RT no cue−RT double cue, representing the benefit of the target response speed because of alerting.
A control scheme is assumed to be optimal if it maximizes the objective functional (10) The first two terms represent the benefit of the susceptible and vaccinated populations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com