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It generates a transition probability matrix that represents substitution probabilities from one codon to another by using ω, t, κ, and codon frequencies.
A986S polymorphism represents substitution of alanine with serine (replacement of nucleotide G with T) at position 986, whereas R990G polymorphism is substitution of arginine with glycine (replacement of nucleotide A with G) at position 990.
SNPs were then classified according to the substitution type as either transitions, which includes nucleotide substitution within the purine (A/G) or pyrimidine (C/T) group, or as transversions, which represents substitution across the groups.
On the other hand, a rate matrix such as mtREV, cpREV64, and FLU derived from a specific protein family represents substitution tendencies characteristic of the protein but often lacks generic representation of substitution tendencies enough to be applied to other protein families.
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The practice of representing substitution with ':=' comes from computer science, where ':=' is read in some programming languages as assigning a value to a variable.
The upper case letters represent the original sequences and the lower case letters represent substitution or insertion sequences.
In our studies using reduced amino acid alphabets, this matrix was modified to represent substitution rates in the reduced alphabet.
The 11 analogues represented substitutions at positions 2, 6, and 8 and were considered to be representative of the entire set of 24 compounds; 2,200 variants were screened with compounds 3896 and 3894 (Supplementary Figure s4).
The other minor amino acids may represent substitutions in stem peptides or may be bound to stem peptide residues.
Of these, three represent substitutions (E/T190A, Q226L and Q227I) when compared with the reference strains of the H9 lineage (Table 1).
The clade at 2 o'clock is anchored around ISU 0. The other ISU sequences in this clade differ from ISU 0 by one or two substitutions, and, as we show below, represent substitutions because of PCR error.
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