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Various institutions and individuals so far have reported losses totaling more than $20 billion, but it is unclear how much of that is cash they actually invested and how much represents paper profits based on the falsified returns Mr. Madoff said investors were earning.
SPP_{t,i,l} = sum_{n} left{ {UPP_{t - n,i,l} { cdot }PL_{t} left( n right)} right} (10) PL_{t} left( n right) = {text{Exp}}left{ { - {text{Ln}}left( 2right)/d} right}^{n} (11) where SPP (t) represents paper product stock volume, PL represents the paper lifetime function, and d (year) represents paper lifetime (half-life) (2 years).
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A sharp-eyed J.P. Morgan analyst noticed, on one of 29 pages of figures handed out, a negative $1 billion, representing paper losses on a trading account.
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Each node represents a paper, and the size of the node and of the corresponding label reflects the number of times the paper was cited.
James A. Hemphill, who represents the paper and Ms. Farley, said his clients were considering appellate options.
The paper represents the extension of the paper [6].
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On Monday alone, the stock market drop represented a paper loss of $102 billion for Russian companies.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com