(k_{i}>0) represents feedback gains.
Evolution represents feedback on individual attributes that affect higher levels of organization.
Four feed-forward loop (FFL) types are overrepresented, including incoherent type 2 FFLs that likely represent feedback.
The proposed iterative receiver processing with transmitters and receivers is shown in Figure 1, where the line represents feedback from the LDPC decoder.
For activating events, it probably represents feedback pathways involved in push pull regulation.
Both these mechanisms represent feedback loops regulating the EGO/TORC1/RTG pathways that appear to regulate extracellular ATP levels.
Parameters γ1 and γ0 are transition rates between the promoter activity states, f represents feedback strength, and d is the degradation rate of gene product.
However, the mechanism by which these mitochondrial defects contribute to tumor development remains unclear and the gene expression and cellular phenotypes observed are thought to represent feedback mechanisms to compensate for mitochondrial impairment.
Recent studies have pointed towards the importance of online coupling strategies, representing feedbacks between floodplain inundation and vertical hydrology.
Yet, the tools most commonly used by water managers often have limited physical hydrology and a resulting inability to represent feedbacks between elements of the physical system.
