Spurious associations due to population structure may lead to false positive associations, if the cause of the correlation is not tight genetic linkage between polymorphic locus and the locus involved in the trait, but disproportional representation of the trait in one subpopulation [8].
Fuzzy sets give a more realistic representation of this trait: there is a gradual decline in the strength of the no set and a gradual increase in the yes set as the score increases.
To test this, we first applied the visual methodology proposed by Pavoine et al. [13], which calculates the contribution of each node in the phylogenetic classification to the diversity of a given trait here each of the eight dispersal metrics–and gives a graphical representation of the trait diversity at different depths in the phylogenetic tree.
A strong phylogenetic signal was also apparent in MS, with an estimated D = −1.386 indicating substantial phylogenetic clumping in the binary representation of this trait, and therefore that MS is highly phylogenetically conserved within the Hylobatidae.
Significant increases and decreases in frequency of each species were summarised as changes in the representation of simple traits, each of which had an established relationship with varying levels of fertility or disturbance.
Through analysis of each scene, within its own context, as well as across the intertextual presentation of all four scenes, I will consider the representation of individual traits of monstrosity and their cumulative effect upon our understanding of the society which both generated, and received, the narrative.
The 'terril' effect was mainly mediated by a coarser soil texture (51% coarse sand compared to 14% in the surrounding environment) which, combined with harsher microclimate conditions, stems in a better representation of functional traits linked to subterranean life, such as shorter body length and increased representation of parthenogenesis.
Insular floras also displayed a low representation of diplochorous traits (considering species with potential habitat on all islands—see Methods): Azores (9 of 148 species; 6.1 %), Canaries (17 of 387 lowland species; 4.4 %) and Galápagos (18 of 313 lowland species; 5.8 %).
Graphical representation of distribution of trait data of POP369 in 2012.
