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The global geographical representation of respondents is a strength of this survey.
These two Teaching Hospitals were chosen to allow a fair representation of respondents from both southern and northern parts of Ghana, for better generalization of results.
Moreover, as with any qualitative analysis, our representation of respondents' views expressed in free-text is vulnerable to claims of bias; we acknowledge that others may have made alternate interpretations.
Compared with classical test theory approaches, the advantages of IRT include the following: near-equal interval measurement; representation of respondents and items on the same scale; and independence of person estimates from the particular set of items used for estimation [ 46].
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An overview of the comments commensurate to their frequency and content was selected to give a balanced representation of respondent feedback.
Retrospective data are collected with the lifegrid approach, where recall and timing of major information is supported by a graphical representation of respondent's life which is filled during the interview.
Nevertheless, potential voluntary response bias, or over-representation of respondents with strong opinions, was assessed by comparing the responses of those respondents who were randomly selected (64% of the sample) with those who were suggested (18%) and those who volunteered themselves (18%).
A potential limitation of the study is the under-representation of respondents from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin).
Finally, the survey methods could have resulted in an over-representation of respondents with strong views, although it is not clear what effect this would have had on the results.
There was under-representation of respondents describing their ethnicity as "Asian/Asian British," "black/black British," "mixed," and "Chinese," with 2.7% fewer respondents from these four ethnic groups than would have been expected from the general population.
However we found a similar distribution of CTVB categories in respondents compared to the adjusted denominator, but with a small under-representation of respondents in band A. Overall, we achieved a reasonably representative response by housing value.
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