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Exact(4)
Most estimates of connectivity rely on cost-surfaces: raster representations of landscapes in which cost values represent the difficulty involved with traversing an area.
In the model, the distances between the components of everyday reasoning and that of scientific reasoning represent the difficulty to transform into scientific ones.
The very steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods.
Under IRT, the probability of a correct response to item i, by an examinee of estimated ability θ is calculated as: where α i ∈ [0, ∞), b i ∈ and c i ∈ [0,1] are item-specific parameters that represent the difficulty, discriminating power and guessing probability of item i respectively [ 25, 26].
Similar(56)
Perhaps this is meant to represent the difficulties that arise even within the seemingly simple, superficial, and beautiful lives of the privileged (#firstworldproblems).
It probably represents the difficulty people have acquiring status symbols in a democratic society.
The coefficients a1 and a2 (assumed to be positive) are "fatigue" coefficients, representing the difficulty of maintaining high levels of military spending.
In its quarterly updates on progress, each aspect of the plan was graded by a traffic light-style alert system that represented the difficulty of solving the issues raised.
where X ni represents the observed response of a person n for an item i, θ n represents the proficiency score of person n, and b i represents the difficulty of item i.
Nonetheless, the Green Knight blurs the lines between homosociality and homosexuality, representing the difficulty medieval writers sometimes had in separating the two.
CE represents the difficulty in predicting future values of RR based on past values of the same series.
More suggestions(15)
represent the constraint
represent the obstacle
comprise the difficulty
represent the challenge
posed the difficulty
represented the difficulty
representing the difficulty
represent the complexity
represent the constraints
represent the challenges
constitutes the difficulty
represent the issues
representation the difficulty
represent the troubled
represent the problematic
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com