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Black fills represent voids within the skull, dark grey fills represent matrix, and light grey fills represent damage.
Dashed lines represent reconstruction, slash lines represent damage, black fills represent voids within the sacrum, and grey fills represent matrix.
For models that represent matrix cracks as discontinuities, the inclined crack topology complicates algorithms considerably.
Cohesive elements are placed at the interfaces between solid elements to represent matrix cracks and delamination, thus allowing the natural coupling between these two damage modes to be represented.
T and -1 represent matrix transportation and inversing.
Notation: We use boldface uppercase letter A and boldface lowercase letter a to represent matrix and column vector, respectively.
Similar(51)
Uppercase bold letters represent matrices.
Bold font variables represent matrices and vectors.
Bold letters represent matrices or vectors. is a transpose.
where ℏ = h/2π, h denotes Planck's constant, and boldface type is used to represent matrices.
Capital bold letters represent matrices, simple bold letters represent vectors, and simple letters represent scalar variables.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com