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The last column reports p values, with the null being that the means are equal between local and foreign applicants.
No statistically significant association was found between a clinician's perceived ability to interpret their own investigations and the value of radiology reports (p = 0.8).
All regressions include year dummies eUnderidentifcation test reports p value of Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic fWeak identification test reports Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic gOveridentification test reports p value of Hansen J statistic hEndogeneity test shows probability that endogenous regressors can actually be treated as exogenous.
Column 5 reports (p) value for Student's (t) test and test of proportions for dummies (^{mathrm{a}}) Level 3 corresponds to junior high school, equivalent to nine years of schooling completed.
As Seife reports (p. 1896), cosmologists hope that this cosmic tipping point, along with a better understanding of the physical properties of dark energy, will provide beachheads for future forays into this murkiest province of dark-side science.
Carriers of one or two val alleles did not differ in their pain reports, p = 0.265.
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The last column reports P-values computed from robust standard errors at company level.
Table 5 reports p-values for six performance metrics between MMSD_FS and IQR_MMT generated from 10 days' experimental data.
Table 3 reports p-values for five performance metric between PABFD and FFHDVP_C generated from ten days experimental data.
Panel A of Table 2 also reports p-values for the null hypothesis, where μij is the average abnormal return of portfolio/decile i on day j.
Using a chi-square distribution Panel A of Table 1 also reports p-values for the null hypothesis ( {sigma}_{ij}^2={sigma}_i^2 ), where ( {sigma}_{ij}^2 ) is the variance of portfolio i on day j and ( {sigma}_i^2 ) is the variance of portfolio i across all days.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com