Since there was no reported transformation systemin in C. militaris, this research aimed at establishing the transformation system in this species.
Using this method, the best transformation efficiency for Escherichia coli DH5α was 4.3 × 106 CFU/μg of pUC19 plasmid, which is higher than or comparable to the reported transformation efficiencies to date.
All but one of these subjects reported transformation two or three times.
The reported transformation rate for Aedes aegypti is very low (4 10%), and to generate a transgenic line in mosquitoes requires microinjection of hundreds of embryos [5], [6].
Indeed, the reported transformation rates vary from 0to9%9% [ 4, 10, 11].
Unfortunately, the reported transformation procedure could never be reproduced in our laboratories.
Thus, the reported transformation frequencies for all of the investigated volvocine species appear to be quite similar.
It occurs at a rate of approximately 3% per year for the first 10 years 23, and an autopsy series reports transformation rates up to 70%244.
The transformation efficiency was calculated to be at about 2.7 · 10−5, which is quite similar to previously reported transformation rates of about 2.5 · 10−5 [ 3] and about 10−6 [ 5].
The most commonly reported transformation intermediates of phenoxy acid degradation are the corresponding chlorophenols and their nitroderivatives, the latter being environmentally more persistent than the parent molecules [ 19, 20].
