As observed previously, community controls have more pain over time; however, female controls have the greatest self-reported pain, with female and male controls reporting significantly more pain than either female runners (p = 0.048) or male runners (p = 0.004).
Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc tests indicated that these differences existed at all three levels and were linear, with mid-season athletes reporting significantly higher TSS than early-season athletes (mean difference = 2.54, p = 0.001) and late-season athletes reporting significantly higher TSS than mid-season athletes (mean difference 3.75, p = 0.01).
The only statistically significant between-group difference at post-intervention was in pain severity, with the Headstrong group reporting significantly lower pain severity than education controls (M = 5.06 vs. 6.25; p = 0.03; ES = 0.7).
Surprisingly, only one study investigated oxidative stress in sportswomen according to OC use reporting significantly higher resting oxidative stress in 12 female judoist OC users than in 14 non-OC-user judoists [20].
The CVA group reported significantly more fatigue than the control group on items 3, 4, 7, 10, and 11, with the CVA group reporting significantly more fatigue than the non-CVA group on items 3 and 10 (all P<.005).
There was one main effect of the instruction factor (P=0.03) on diastolic blood pressure, with the group 'told caffeine' reporting significantly smaller decrease in diastolic blood pressure than controls and subjects in the double blind condition.
This rationale is underscored by a study in patients with sepsis reporting significantly lower indexed LVEDV in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to patients without CAD: the authors hypothesized that the pre-existing atherosclerosis contributed to the impairment of ventricular dilatation [33].
Results conceptually replicated those of Study 1, with participants reporting significantly higher helping intentions when they I-shared with their partner than when they Me-shared with their partner (even though participants reported equivalent levels of liking in both partner conditions).
To illustrate this finding, we used a median split to divide participants into two groups: the more optimistic (n = 8) and the more pessimistic (n = 7), with pessimistic participants reporting significantly more pleasant relief (one-tailed t-test, p = 0.035).
To our knowledge, the only clinical trial reporting significantly altered blood glucose following L-arginine infusion described a significant increase in mean blood glucose following a dose of 0.5 g/kg [32].
Participants showed improvements comparable to those reported for hospital-based programs, walking significantly further on the post-intervention 6 MWT, 637 m (95% CI: 565 726), than on the pre-test, 524 m (95% CI: 420 655), and reporting significantly reduced levels of cardiac depression and significantly improved physical health-related QOL.
