This paper reports fluid mechanical modeling of a helically baffled oscillatory flow for the first time.
To showcase the delicate interplay between the geometry and radial and axial flow conditions, we report fluid mechanical simulations and flow magnetic resonance imaging measurements for a twisted tri-bore membrane during permeation.
We excluded studies that reported fluid resuscitation restricted to diarrhoea, trauma, and surgery.
The clinical significance of these haemodynamic effects is not known, as none of the studies have reported fluid or vasopressor administration at the time of HFOV initiation.
Previously, Loeppky et al 20 have reported fluid retention occurs during the initial exposure to simulated altitude and our results suggest this retained fluid does not remain in the vasculature.
We excluded studies that reported fluid resuscitation in diarrhoeal disease, burns, and trauma or injury cases, and where fluid was given for a surgical procedure or anaesthesia purposes (see appendix 2 on bmj.com for details).
However, their study incorporated a number of patients with severe sepsis (lower severity of illness compared with the current study), and did not report fluid management, which is an important determinant of survival in sepsis [ 54].
Of the five RCTs, none compared FBT with a control intervention; two actually reported the impact of blood volume analysis on protocolized resuscitation [ 64, 67]; two compared hypertonic versus isotonic fluids [ 51, 65]; and one actually compared two vasopressors and reported fluid data as an addendum [ 38].
The findings highlighted in this review could be interpreted as suggesting that there should not be much concern for tennis players training and competing in the heat, as these reported fluid deficits and thermal strain responses appear to be very manageable and non-threatening.
