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Randomisation was the least adequately addressed, with only 12 studies adequately or partially adequately reporting randomisation sequence and 10 studies adequately reporting allocation concealment.
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All studies reported allocation concealment, therefore, we judged these studies as having low bias.
All RCTs described the procedure of randomization and blinded participants and researchers, and all trials reported allocation concealment and blinding of outcome assessment.
Gohel 2007 reported allocation concealment was inadequate.
Only one of the RCTs reported allocation concealment [ 38].
Only one trial did not report allocation concealment [ 20].
Seven reported allocation to conditions by an independent party.
All trials used appropriate methods of randomization (computer generated) and reported allocation concealment.
Schulz and colleagues have documented that only about a third of reports of RCTs adequately report allocation concealment [ 7].
For instance, 82% of large trials explicitly reported allocation concealment, while only 51% of small trials reported this (P <0.001).
Of the 77 publications, 47 (61%) reported randomization; of these, 3 (6%) reported allocation concealment, and 1 (2%) the randomization procedure.
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