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Le Bourgeois et al. [ 12] reported transformation efficiencies of 1 2 × 107 transformants/μg of DNA for L. lactis spp. cremoris MG1363 using pIL253 as plasmid DNA, and a medium containing glycine (20% w/v) and 0.5 M sucrose, as osmotic stabilizer.
All but one of these subjects reported transformation two or three times.
Since there was no reported transformation systemin in C. militaris, this research aimed at establishing the transformation system in this species.
Using this method, the best transformation efficiency for Escherichia coli DH5α was 4.3 × 106 CFU/μg of pUC19 plasmid, which is higher than or comparable to the reported transformation efficiencies to date.
The reported transformation rate for Aedes aegypti is very low (4 10%), and to generate a transgenic line in mosquitoes requires microinjection of hundreds of embryos [5], [6].
Indeed, the reported transformation rates vary from 0to9%9% [ 4, 10, 11].
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No previous studies have reported transformation-related effects of iron administered in a form that is present in humans.
Our results are different from those of other studies reporting transformation from migraine to TTH [17, 18, 21, 23 29].
It occurs at a rate of approximately 3% per year for the first 10 years 23, and an autopsy series reports transformation rates up to 70%244.
This transformation is not unique to rural user innovations as prior literature also reports transformations in other cases of user innovation.
Transformation efficiency was significantly better than previously reported, achieving transformation frequencies of 2 × 10− 5 both with long and short promoters, as well as with linear constructs.
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