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Until this report, transformation of X. dendrorhous usually required the construction of a plasmid for transformation [ 17, 25- 27], which involves several conventional steps of sequential cloning such as DNA amplification, endonuclease digestion, in vitro ligation and transformation.
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Le Bourgeois et al. [ 12] reported transformation efficiencies of 1 2 × 107 transformants/μg of DNA for L. lactis spp. cremoris MG1363 using pIL253 as plasmid DNA, and a medium containing glycine (20% w/v) and 0.5 M sucrose, as osmotic stabilizer.
All but one of these subjects reported transformation two or three times.
Our results are different from those of other studies reporting transformation from migraine to TTH [17, 18, 21, 23 29].
Since there was no reported transformation systemin in C. militaris, this research aimed at establishing the transformation system in this species.
Using this method, the best transformation efficiency for Escherichia coli DH5α was 4.3 × 106 CFU/μg of pUC19 plasmid, which is higher than or comparable to the reported transformation efficiencies to date.
The reported transformation rate for Aedes aegypti is very low (4 10%), and to generate a transgenic line in mosquitoes requires microinjection of hundreds of embryos [5], [6].
Indeed, the reported transformation rates vary from 0to9%9% [ 4, 10, 11].
Unfortunately, the reported transformation procedure could never be reproduced in our laboratories.
Thus, the reported transformation frequencies for all of the investigated volvocine species appear to be quite similar.
It occurs at a rate of approximately 3% per year for the first 10 years 23, and an autopsy series reports transformation rates up to 70%244.
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