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The growing success of using meta-analysis to report between-groups differences has non-negligible consequences on the kind of results reported.
Because we used a two-arm crossover design in this study, data were pooled between the two treatment phases after finding no carryover effect, and we report between-group differences at the end of study time points (week 8 and week 20) using general contrast of regression coefficients in the mixed-effects models.
Table 2 reports between-group comparisons (patients versus controls) of reading performance.
For the meta-analysis, publications were selected based on the following eligibility criteria: 1) reporting between-group differences, 2) similarity across the study arms.
Most trials had retention rates of 85% or greater and reported between-group differences with point estimates and measures of variability (Table 1).
Furthermore, most studies using drill and practice methodologies (all except [ 61, 69]) reported between-group improvements in cognition between the experimental and control groups, at least for some measures.
Though it is not the goal of our review, it is important to note that all articles with drill and strategy approaches to training reported between-group improvements of the targeted deficits.
28 However, few recent randomised lifestyle interventions reported between-group difference in BMI or BMI SD score between new comprehensive approaches and control groups (conventional, self-help or no treatment), 29 30 whereas other trials showed no between-group differences after 2 years.
Other groups have reported between-group differences in cortisol responses to laboratory stress but not the CAR, or vice versa, further implying that the two phenomena are not closely related (Buske-Kirschbaum, Ebrecht, & Hellhammer, 2010; Petrowski, Herold, Joraschky, Wittchen, & Kirschbaum, 2010).
Studies of acupuncture often report significant reductions in HF/NS following treatment, although few studies report between group effects when compared to sham, superficial or placebo acupuncture [ 26].
The trials which included out-patient individual or group training following discharge tended to report between group differences with generally negative results [ 16, 19, 21] however the temptation to count up the number of these negative trials, rather than await future high quality trials, should be avoided.
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