Let the significance level of the discovery stage be α D, which means that markers with P(1) < α D are selected and replicated in the replication stage.
The inhibition of pathogenic bacteria at the replication stage is important to halt their further reproduction and spread.
The study comprised case materials from five European countries, 2,731 migraine cases were included in the discovery stage and 3,202 in the replication stage.
In the replication stage an additional 3,202 cases from clinics in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany as well as from the general population in Iceland were available and compared to 40,062 population-based controls.
A total of 554 men from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II were used as a discovery stage and 1575 men collected by the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study were used as a replication stage.
Both SNPs genotyped in replication stage were in HWE.
In the early replication stage (0 6 h post-infection, or p.i ., we observed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα underwent a rapid six-fold induction.
During the middle-late replication stage, the TNFα-mediated death signal triggers the necrotic death pathway via the subsequent ROS production (Figure 5A), which is a novel death signal pathway in the zebrafish cell system.
IPNV infection can up-regulate pro-apoptotic genes during the early-middle replication stage, as seen in Figure S2, and this up-regulation can be suppressed by blocking production of TNFα (Figure 3).
Cytosine deamination hypothesis [13] states that the leading strand, which is more often single-stranded during the replication stage than the lagging strand, undergoes C->T mutations, that would lead to diminishing of C, and hence to excess of G on the leading strand.
Reported estimates are based on replication (stage 3) data.
