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It is not surprising that human and avian H7N9 viruses replicated to levels similar to those in these birds.
The mammalian viruses, HK/33982, HK/1073 and swine/HK, replicated to levels similar to PR8 virus-inoculated animals at 3 dpi (∼10 TCID50/mL) with some clearing by 6 dpi.
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Live, attenuated vaccines must be able to replicate to levels that elicit a protective immune response without causing disease in the host, so a balance of infectivity, level of attenuation, and immunogenicity must be achieved.
At particular doses and durations of artemisinin exposure, a fraction of parasites survive and eventually replicate to levels that can be detected in blood smears or by flow cytometric methods.
The strain replicated to high levels in all cell lines; replication varied by <52.9-fold, which constitutes small relative variations in light of the overall levels of replication.
EMCV ΔL and EMCV ZnC19AC22A replicated to similar levels, indicating that any differences in stimulation by these viruses are not caused by variations in viral RNA levels.
When infecting immunocompetent BMDCs, FSS13025 and8V and PRVABC-59 WT viruses replicated to higher levels than their corresponding FSS13025 WT and PRVABC-59 virusesirespectivelyctively (Fig. 6e); this result is further supported by the higher viremia and spleen viral loads when WT C57BL/6J mice were infected with FSS13025 and8V and PRVABC-59 WT viruses (Fig. 7e, f).
In the knockout mice, the virus replicated to higher levels than in those treated with the antibody, killing most of the fetuses.
As expected from their inability to produce type I IFN, RSV replicated to high levels in the IKKγ−/− cells.
The S. Typhimurium Δmdh, ΔsucCD, ΔsdhCDAB strains replicated to higher levels than the wild-type within resting and activated macrophages, suggesting an enhanced ability to survive antimicrobial mechanisms.
HSV-2 0ΔNLS replicated to low levels in the eyes of inoculated mice, but was rapidly repressed by an innate, Stat 1-dependent host immune response.
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