What people struggle with is the idea that all that is required to explain the whole of life's diversity is these kind of small-scale changes being replicated enough times.
After it has replicated enough in phagosomes, the bacteria lyse the macrophage membrane, and infect new host cells.
Each of the 100 possible pairings was replicated enough times to obtain at least 10 successful matings, although not all pairs mated.
And several nonvirulent strains appear to replicate well enough in chimps to provide a realistic challenge, they wrote.
But over the summer and into the fall, something deep in the municipal DNA has gone berserk and is replicating fast enough to turn the city into "a giant, nightmarish, gridlocked parking lot," as The Wall Street Journal's Shai Oster put it last month.
For example, a sufficiently large and ongoing decrease, made possible through technological advances, in what Marx called "socially necessary labor time," that is, the amount of time required for the production of a single type of product, if replicated across enough different products, could by itself bring about a lengthy postponement of the system's collapse.
The question 'how many replicates is enough?' is complicated by many potentially confounding factors such as the type of array equipment, laboratory technique, and, most importantly, the quality of the samples.
After 7 to 10 days about 2 weeks sooner than required to count CFU fluorometry reveals whether M. tuberculosis bacilli in each well have replicated extensively enough to reduce a resazurin dye added for the final hour.
To obtain enough replicates (replications) for correctly classifying a group effect or an individual effect as being important or unimportant, MSB applies Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT).
Experts are divided over whether E.T.F.'s can replicate timberland closely enough to serve as a substitute investment.
