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Equation 1 was adapted by replacing costs by environmental impacts and is described as 10where Eis is the environmental impact of equipment 2; Eis is the environmental impact of equipment 1; X2 is the capacity factor of equipment 2; X1 is the capacity factor of equipment 1 and be is the environmental scaling factor.
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Replacing cost-reimbursement by activity-based payments that reward efficiency is another possible method that could enhance productivity [ 46].
The drone, which has not been replaced, cost £10m.
Body-scanners cost $1m, whereas the X-ray machines they replace cost $100,000.
In Mr. Cohen's case, much of the sheathing -- coated with a thick black mold and rotted out -- had to be replaced, costing him about $30,000.
For example, his working families tax credit, aimed at helping the working poor, is more generous than family credit, which it will replace, costing the Treasury an extra £1.4 billion in 2000-01.
A well-designed price cap plan can replace cost-of-service regulation's weaker incentives for investment in improved efficiency and investment in the grid with positive rewards for superior performance.
The A-10, which the F-35 will also replace, cost about $15 million in today's dollars.
In the hospital sector, fixed pricing (a type of prospective payment system) had replaced cost-based pricing in the USA and several other countries to enhance cost-efficiency.
Patching stucco costs a few hundred dollars; replacing it costs tens of thousands.
Generally, refinishing costs half the cost of replacing, and refacing costs about 75percentt of the cost to replace – not counting the counter cost.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com