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In much of the central and western taiga of North America, replacement of vegetation on upland sites, presumably by fire, appears to be necessary for forest regeneration.
First, soils in roadsides are seldom disturbed, while other land uses undergo transformations and replacement of vegetation by structures or other vegetation, which depletes SOC.
This alteration is mainly due to a) replacement of vegetation by asphalt and concrete, which modifies the radiative energy fluxes and decreases the surface moisture available for evapotranspiration; b) changes in the near-surface air flow owing to the complicated geometry of streets and buildings; and c) production of anthropogenic heat.
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The alteration of forest cover and the replacement of native vegetation with buildings, roads, exotic vegetation, and other urban features pose one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity.
In this sensitivity study, we used a combination of land cover data sets, numerical models, and cropland suitability analysis, to estimate the degree to which the replacement of natural vegetation by croplands might have altered the land suitability for cultivation.
Introduced P. australis has been shown to outcompete Typha spp. for space in roadside habitats and wetlands (Bellavance and Brisson 2010), but as yet there is no direct report of the replacement of other vegetation types by introduced P. australis.
Valve repair or replacement with removal of vegetation within 48 hours of random assignment versus no early surgery.
Such decrease of the rainforest certainly happened during OIS 2. The global warming that followed led to the replacement of open, grassy vegetation by rain forest and by about 8,000 years ago, rainforest reached maximum extension [see 60].
During the past 15 20 years, the area underwent a great deal of change in its composition, with a massive replacement of the native vegetation with monoculture, typically soybeans and pasture (21 ).
Urban location is considered a risk factor for vulnerability to climate stressors, due in part to the exacerbation of summer heat by the urban heat island effect (a term that describes the relative warming of urban areas compared with their rural surroundings due to the replacement of open land and vegetation with buildings, roads, and other dark or impermeable surfaces) (CCSP 2008).
In certain cases, reduction of plant cover may set self-enhancing feedbacks in motion that lead to further declines of both vegetation and soils, and in some cases, replacement of woodlands with more xerophytic vegetation.
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