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Some studies in developed countries have therefore proposed to replace population levels with crude death rates.
The condition for using patient controls to replace population controls is that the exposure experience of interest (including time, duration and intensity) should be interchangeable with the experience for proper population controls, sampled at random from the entire study base.
It is important to note that vaccination does not replace population screening but rather complements it and that the duration of immunity (the need for booster doses) was the variable that most influenced the cost-effectiveness profile of vaccination in most studies.
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In "Discussion (Mortality assumptions)", replace "population-dependent" by "non-stationary".
Such clinic-based studies cannot replace population-based approaches but are complementary to them, and this project has already provided several examples of productive collaboration [ 19].
During MCI/AD, a certain population could replace other populations of γ-secretase and thus may show a distinct activity as a whole.
For instance, a programme that releases FK individuals prior to beginning releases of AP or R&R individuals would reduce the population before attempting to replace the population with incompetent vectors (Carvalho et al. 2013).
We can extend the above argument to include the admixture of one population with another if we replace the population sampled by the children with an expanded pool that includes contributions from the incoming population.
(See the leftmost bars of Figures 5a and b, respectively) In the next version of the model we replace the population of "ignorers" with a population of "hiders".
"But now more and more regions and cities in western Germany are being affected by the fact that the population is getting older and the birthrate is not high enough to replace the population".
The country's fertility rate has been below the level needed to replace the population since the mid-1970s.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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