Yet the recent studies showing that accumulation of Xist on the inactive X chromosome leads to formation of a transcriptionally repressive nuclear compartment, continue to implicate involvement of repetitive sequences in XCI [14], [15].
Previous studies have also shown that ASEs possess several features that distinguish them from CSEs, such as weaker signals at alternative splicing sites, shorter lengths, higher level of sequence conservation, longer flanking intronic sequences, involvement of repetitive elements on exonization, and greater frequency for skipping exons to preserve the reading frame.
Although the pathogenesis of hand OA is largely unknown, familial aggregation and heritability studies indicate a significant genetic role in addition to the involvement of mechanical (repetitive joint loading) and lifestyle related factors (e.g. obesity) [ 3, 4].
An analysis of the genomic architecture surrounding the breakpoint junctions suggests a number of features that may predispose the region to genomic instability leading to the LMNB1 duplication; the most striking of which is the involvement of Alu repetitive elements at the duplication breakpoints.
Due to the random nature of somatic mutations and the putative involvement of heterochromatic repetitive sequences in the Nde1-p53 double mutant brain, it would be hard to pinpoint specific mutations and reach a statistically significant consensus conclusion with individual or a limited number of FISH probes.
ISs are also important in understanding bacterial diversity because they are precursors of repetitive sequences and previous reports indicated the involvement of DNA repeats in genome rearrangements (Hill and Harnish 1981; Achaz et al. 2003; Darling et al. 2008).
Methylcytosines inside of repetitive and transposon-like sequences indicate a possible involvement of DNA methylation in the suppression of transposition.
Reports that wide spectrum blockers of voltage-dependent K+ channels, such as TEA and 4-AP, or intracellular infusions of Cs+, increase oscillation amplitude and repetitive firing in DRG neurons [64], suggest the involvement of K+ conductances in these processes.
However, the involvement of larger DNA modules and repetitive use of transcription terminators that are rich in secondary hairpin structures may impede system assembly in terms of construction efficiency and accuracy.
Using "state-of-the-art" neuromodulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could further illustrate the involvement of various brain regions found in fMRI paradigms in gambling behavior.
