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Specifically, repeating items in the same pair-type across lists led to a greater number of correct and incorrect responses but repeating items in different pair-types did not change performance.
Words (task 1) and phrases (task 2) were included to increase the number of stimuli that could be used without directly repeating items, and to generate additional opportunities for flashbacks to occur.
One point for each correctly repeated item was assigned.
Run-length encoding (RLE) is good for repetitive data, replacing it by a count and one copy of a repeated item.
In short, model (2) is a mixed-effects linear model for data with a two-level structure in a way that repeated item scores are nested within individuals.
The last manipulated factor was the lag (LAG) between the first and second presentation of a repeated item, which was varied from 1 (immediate repetition) to 5 (4 items intervening between first and second presentation).
Foods consisting of more than one repeated item (such as cheese and crackers) or a combination of different items (such as meat pie with two side vegetables) were classified as 'multi-unit' foods (n = 12).
EEG was recorded continuously as participants actively monitored for an occasional target, defined as an immediately repeated item (i.e. "one-back"), among a series of word, pseudoword, or symbol string stimuli.
"A test with repeated items is as valid, if not more so, than a test with no anchor items".
Given repeated items, the daydreamers came up with forty-one per cent more possibilities than students in the other conditions.
Our results demonstrate that the face-related N170 response is sensitive to visual face features and extend the characteristics of N170 with the sensitivity to repeated items to other familiar objects of expertise (i.e. words).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com