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They were tutored in groups of 2 4 by an adult male producing repeater song from post-hatch day ∼20 until post-hatch day ∼100.
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The repeated syllable in the songs of repeater pupils may be different in acoustic profile from that produced by their tutor.
One repeater pupil learned its song from one of three repeater tutors in adjacent cages.
The latter point can be inferred from the fact that there is no significant difference in mean measures of tutor-pupil song motif similarity between repeaters and non-repeaters.
This interpretation is consistent with our earlier finding of dissociation between frame and content in tutor's song imitation in repeaters [4].
The BOLD response to tutor's song is significantly reduced in repeaters compared to non-repeaters in relation to CON and BOS in terms of both volume and magnitude (Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 1C shows song motifs from two pupils, a repeater and a non-repeater, who learned their songs from the same tutor whose song motif is shown.
On similarity and sequential match measures of song learning the non-repeaters were not significantly different from normally raised birds tutored by live normal tutors in the laboratory of our collaborator Ofer Tchernichovski (similarity t = 1.31, p = 0.21, df = 11; sequential match t = 0.56, p = 0.58, df = 11; unpublished data of Maul and Tchernichovski).
This result, combined with the differential responses to TUT and BOS, suggests a complex interplay between processes that mediate the recognition of familiarity, saliency and ownership of the sounds that the bird hears, with regard to the altered song produced by the repeaters.
The repeaters appear to learn the tendency to repeat from their tutors without necessarily copying the repeated syllables from the tutor's song [4].
Songs of repeaters were tested for repetitions at multiple times over periods of several weeks to months after completion of tutoring.
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