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However, additional concentration is due to repeated victimization of a minority of victims after the first victimization.
Penetration, violence, and repeated victimization were not related to adverse outcomes.
And state dependence is more likely to be an explanation for repeated victimization following the first victimization.
This repeated victimization demonstrates the tremendous risk that women face when they dare raise their voice about violence against women.
Research has long documented the devastating neurological, developmental and behavioral impact of repeated victimization in childhood, particularly at the hands of caretakers.
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The majority of crime victims live in lower-income communities and repeat victimization is even more concentrated (echoing research on victimization in the entire US).
Thus, repeat victimization may involve different offenders (Bennett 1995; Sparks 1981).
Businesses are more subject to repeat victimization than household (Bowers et al. 1998).
However, some scholars (e.g., Nelson 1980; Sparks 1981) suggest that state dependence does not explain all repeat victimization scenarios.
For businesses that experience repeat victimization, changing management practices through the adoption of more protective measures may be costly and inconvenient.
This field is called near repeat victimization and occurs when non-victimized places near places that have been victimized are themselves victimized within a short time frame (Johnson et al. 2007, 2009; Sagovsky and Johnson 2007).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com