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This assumption allows us to estimate the sensitivities and specificities using a separate sample from the main study which has repeated surrogate measurements of covariates only but not measurements of the disease status.
To generate a second sample of replicates, we randomly select n ∗ individuals from the underlying population so that each individual has two repeated surrogate measurements for each of X a and X s.
Similar(58)
When the regression analysis was repeated including surrogate drinkers, and also using standard thresholds for biomarkers to define the outcome, the odds ratios observed were very similar (not presented).
To examine the null hypothesis of stochastic generation of precise repeats, surrogate data were generated and compared to the original data.
Is it possible that the repeated use of surrogate outcomes arises from group dynamics driven by a powerful external agenda?
This experimental approach served as a surrogate for repeated observation of the same animal.
This generation of surrogate datasets was repeated 10,000 times for each of the pair of distributions to be compared.
It has been argued that there is no method for surrogate testing of repeated patterns of spontaneous activity that will satisfy every researcher.
The procedures were used as a surrogate for early, repeated, ENT infections.
The trend towards a higher risk of mortality associated with the involvement of MDR bacteria may not only be linked to greater therapeutic difficulties, but also highlight a surrogate marker of repeated exposure to antibiotics and of more frequent and longer hospitalizations.
Arrangements have to be made for their own children should a trip abroad be required, and a solution for the absence from work must be sought, especially if the IVF procedure has to be repeated several times before the surrogate mother becomes pregnant.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com