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Because the population figures are based on repeated summations of records that were repeatedly updated, the count for a household was periodically revised upward or downward, and hitherto unreported births and deaths would have been more accurately captured by these revisions, even if they had not been reported in the annual vital registration records.
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To motivate the definition of a fractional sum, we look at the definition of the integral sum derived from the repeated summation rule.
In this section, we will use a comma to denote partial differentiation and adopt the summation convection, i.e., if an index is repeated, summation from 1 to N is understood, for example, u_{,i}u_{,k}u_{,ik}=sum _{i,k=1}^{N}frac{partial u}{partial x_{i}}frac {partial u}{partial x_{k}} frac{partial^{2} u}{partial x_{i},partial x_{k}}.
Note that we use the standard summation convention throughout this paper that repeated indices indicate summation from 1 to n unless otherwise specified.
Let me repeat that summation; it is very important.
All the indices (except m) can take values of 1, 2, 3. Repeated index implies summation.
We will use the known convention on summation over repeated subscripts and differentiation.
Summation over repeated subscripts is implied and subscripts preceded by a comma denote partial differentiation with respect to the corresponding Cartesian coordinate.
To determine output LLRs related to each received symbol y, computations of Euclidean distances and a priori LLR summation are repeated consecutively for all symbols of target constellation.
It should be noted that we have used the Einstein convention of summation over repeated indices, and (partial _{k}=partial_{y_{k}}).
In the following we use the spacetime signature, with Greek indices running from 0 to 3 and Latin indices from 1 to 3. We also employ the Einstein convention for the summation over repeated indices.
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